Adropin (34-76) (human, mouse, rat) peptide

• COA/MS/HPLC Report
• Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Batch to batch variation of the purity

Adropin (34-76) (human, mouse, rat) is a peptide hormone derived from the putative secreted domain of adropin, which plays a significant role in regulating metabolic homeostasis. This peptide is abundantly expressed in the brain and liver, and it has been shown to influence hepatic glucose metabolism by modulating key intracellular signaling pathways. Adropin (34-76) enhances insulin-mediated signaling activities in the liver, including the phosphorylation of IRS1 and AKT, which subsequently suppresses glucose production and promotes glycogen synthesis.

In addition to its effects on insulin signaling, Adropin (34-76) alleviates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses and reduces the activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the liver. It also suppresses cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA) activities, leading to decreased phosphorylation of inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB). These molecular mechanisms collectively contribute to the peptide's ability to regulate hepatic glucose metabolism and maintain metabolic balance.

• Kumar, K. G., Trevaskis, J. L., Lam, D. D., Sutton, G. M., Koza, R. A., Chouljenko, V. N., Kousoulas, K. G., Rogers, P. M., Kesterson, R. A., Thearle, M., Ferrante, A. W., Jr, Mynatt, R. L., Burris, T. P., Dong, J. Z., Halem, H. A., Culler, M. D., Heisler, L. K., Stephens, J. M., & Butler, A. A. (2008). Identification of adropin as a secreted factor linking dietary macronutrient intake with energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Cell metabolism, 8(6), 468–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2008.10.011
• Gao, S., Ghoshal, S., Zhang, L., Stevens, J. R., McCommis, K. S., Finck, B. N., Lopaschuk, G. D., & Butler, A. A. (2019). The peptide hormone adropin regulates signal transduction pathways controlling hepatic glucose metabolism in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. The Journal of biological chemistry, 294(36), 13366–13377. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA119.008967

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a common counterion from the purification process using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The presence of TFA can affect the peptide's net weight, appearance, and solubility.

Impact on Net Weight: The TFA salt contributes to the total mass of the product. In most cases, the peptide content constitutes >80% of the total weight, with TFA accounting for the remainder.

Solubility: TFA salts generally enhance the solubility of peptides in aqueous solutions.

In Biological Assays: For most standard in vitro assays, the residual TFA levels do not cause interference. However, for highly sensitive cellular or biochemical studies, please be aware of its presence.