Kisspeptin-10, human peptide

• Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Batch to batch variation of the purity

Kisspeptin-10 (KP-10) is a decapeptide derived from the proteolytic cleavage of the Kiss1 gene-encoded precursor protein. It binds to the G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54), initiating intracellular signaling cascades. KP-10 has been implicated in various biological processes, including embryonic kidney development and regulation of osteoblast differentiation. In mesenchymal stem cells, KP-10 enhances osteogenic gene expression, such as BMP2, Runx2, and Dlx5, through GPR54-mediated activation of NFATc4 transcription factor. This signaling pathway promotes Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation, a key step in BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation.

The KP-10-GPR54 system plays a critical role in modulating BMP2 expression and its downstream osteogenic effects. KP-10 treatment significantly upregulates BMP2 mRNA and protein levels, leading to increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization in osteoblast precursor cells. Genetic ablation of GPR54 abolishes these effects, confirming the receptor's essential role in KP-10-induced osteogenic differentiation. The mechanism involves NFATc4 binding to the BMP2 promoter, establishing KP-10 as a regulator of bone formation through GPR54/NFATc4/BMP2 signaling.

• Son HE, Kim KM, Kim EJ, Jang WG. Kisspeptin-10 (KP-10) stimulates osteoblast differentiation through GPR54-mediated regulation of BMP2 expression and activation. Sci Rep. 2018 Feb 1;8(1):2134. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20571-2. PMID: 29391507; PMCID: PMC5794871.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a common counterion from the purification process using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The presence of TFA can affect the peptide's net weight, appearance, and solubility.

Impact on Net Weight: The TFA salt contributes to the total mass of the product. In most cases, the peptide content constitutes >80% of the total weight, with TFA accounting for the remainder.

Solubility: TFA salts generally enhance the solubility of peptides in aqueous solutions.

In Biological Assays: For most standard in vitro assays, the residual TFA levels do not cause interference. However, for highly sensitive cellular or biochemical studies, please be aware of its presence.