Neuropeptide S (mouse)

• Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Batch to batch variation of the purity

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a 20-amino acid bioactive peptide with a highly conserved sequence across species. The N-terminal serine residue is a distinctive feature of this peptide. NPS activates the NPS receptor (NPSR), which couples to both Gq and Gs proteins, leading to elevated intracellular Ca²⁺ and cAMP levels. The N-terminal residues, particularly Phe²-Arg³-Asn⁴, are critical for receptor binding and biological activity.

NPS and its receptor are widely distributed in the brain, with NPSR mRNA prominently expressed in regions such as the cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray (PAG). Studies indicate that the NPS-NPSR system modulates various physiological functions, including arousal, anxiety, locomotion, and nociception. In the PAG, a key region for pain modulation, NPS administration increases neuronal activity, as evidenced by elevated c-Fos protein expression, suggesting its role in activating descending analgesic pathways.

• Peng YL, Zhang JN, Chang M, Li W, Han RW, Wang R. Effects of central neuropeptide S in the mouse formalin test. Peptides. 2010 Oct;31(10):1878-83. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.06.027. PMID: 20603169.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a common counterion from the purification process using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The presence of TFA can affect the peptide's net weight, appearance, and solubility.

Impact on Net Weight: The TFA salt contributes to the total mass of the product. In most cases, the peptide content constitutes >80% of the total weight, with TFA accounting for the remainder.

Solubility: TFA salts generally enhance the solubility of peptides in aqueous solutions.

In Biological Assays: For most standard in vitro assays, the residual TFA levels do not cause interference. However, for highly sensitive cellular or biochemical studies, please be aware of its presence.