Neuropeptide AF (82-98)

• Handling and Storage of Synthetic Peptides
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

• Suehiro Y, Yasuda A, Okuyama T, et al. Mass spectrometric map of neuropeptide expression and analysis of the gamma-prepro-tachykinin gene expression in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) brain. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2009;161(1):138-45.
• Wang, B., A., J., & A., J. (2023). Differential activation of neuropeptide FF receptors by gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone peptides in the European sea bass. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1199189. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1199189

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) has a significant impact on peptides due to its role in the peptide synthesis process.

TFA is essential for the protonation of peptides that lack basic amino acids such as Arginine (Arg), Histidine (His), and Lysine (Lys), or ones that have blocked N-termini. As a result, peptides often contain TFA salts in the final product.

TFA residues, when present in custom peptides, can cause unpredictable fluctuations in experimental data. At a nanomolar (nM) level, TFA can influence cell experiments, hindering cell growth at low concentrations (as low as 10 nM) and promoting it at higher doses (0.5–7.0 mM). It can also serve as an allosteric regulator on the GlyR of glycine receptors, thereby increasing receptor activity at lower glycine concentrations.

In an in vivo setting, TFA can trifluoroacetylate amino groups in proteins and phospholipids, inducing potentially unwanted antibody responses. Moreover, TFA can impact structure studies as it affects spectrum absorption.